Temporary leadless pacing in heart failure patients with ultrasound-mediated stimulation energy and effects on the acoustic window

Fluoroscopic appearance (left anterior oblique view) of the receiver electrodes (arrows) on the delivery catheter positioned endocardially on the lateral wall of the left ventricle in 1 patient.

An example of clinically determined acoustic windows in 4 body positions (in red with the patient lying supine; in green with 30° right tilt; in yellow with 30° left tilt; in purple with 30° upright tilt) superimposed on the CT-determined acoustic window (in light blue with the patient lying supine and during end inspiration) on 3D reconstruction CT of the thorax. 3D = three-dimensional; CT = computed tomography.

An example of changes in acoustic windows obtained by computed tomography of the thorax with various body positioning and respiratory phrases. A: Acoustic window in green when the patient was lying supine and during end inspiration. B: Acoustic window in red during end inspiration when the patient was lying on the right side. C: Acoustic window in black during end expiration when the patient was lying on the right side.