Nearly one third of all major congenital anomalies are heart defects, with an estimated
9 per 1000 live births afflicted by congenital heart disease (CHD) worldwide.
1
Remarkable advances in care have resulted in impressive gains in survival such that
over 90% of children with CHD in developed countries today are expected to survive
into adulthood.
2
Consequently, the past decades have witnessed historical shifts in population demographics,
as adults now outnumber children with CHD. Population-based estimates indicate that
there are currently over 1 million adults with CHD in the United States alone, over
100,000 in Canada, and 1.8 million in Europe.
3
,
4
,
5
Rhythm disorders, which span the entire spectrum of brady- and tachyarrhythmias,
are among the most prominent complications encountered by adults with CHD.
- Go A.S.
- Mozaffarian D.
- Roger V.L.
- Benjamin E.J.
- Berry J.D.
- Borden W.B.
- Bravata D.M.
- Dai S.
- Ford E.S.
- Fox C.S.
- Franco S.
- Fullerton H.J.
- Gillespie C.
- Hailpern S.M.
- Heit J.A.
- Howard V.J.
- Huffman M.D.
- Kissela B.M.
- Kittner S.J.
- Lackland D.T.
- Lichtman J.H.
- Lisabeth L.D.
- Magid D.
- Marcus G.M.
- Marelli A.
- Matchar D.B.
- McGuire D.K.
- Mohler E.R.
- Moy C.S.
- Mussolino M.E.
- Nichol G.
- Paynter N.P.
- Schreiner P.J.
- Sorlie P.D.
- Stein J.
- Turan T.N.
- Virani S.S.
- Wong N.D.
- Woo D.
- Turner M.B.
Heart disease and stroke statistics—2013 update: a report from the American Heart
Association.
Circulation. 2013; 127: e6-e245
6
Arrhythmias range in symptomatology and significance, from inconsequential and benign
to poorly tolerated and potentially fatal. Taken together, arrhythmias are a leading
cause of morbidity, impaired quality of life, and mortality in adults with CHD.Keywords
To read this article in full you will need to make a payment
Purchase one-time access:
Academic & Personal: 24 hour online accessCorporate R&D Professionals: 24 hour online accessOne-time access price info
- For academic or personal research use, select 'Academic and Personal'
- For corporate R&D use, select 'Corporate R&D Professionals'
Subscribe:
Subscribe to Heart RhythmAlready a print subscriber? Claim online access
Already an online subscriber? Sign in
Register: Create an account
Institutional Access: Sign in to ScienceDirect
References
- Birth prevalence of congenital heart disease worldwide: a systematic review and meta-analysis.J Am Coll Cardiol. 2011; 58: 2241-2247
- Changing mortality in congenital heart disease.J Am Coll Cardiol. 2010; 56: 1149-1157
- Congenital heart disease in the general population: changing prevalence and age distribution.Circulation. 2007; 115: 163-172
- Delivery of care for adult patients with congenital heart disease in Europe: results from the Euro Heart Survey.Eur Heart J. 2006; 27: 1324-1330
- Heart disease and stroke statistics—2013 update: a report from the American Heart Association.Circulation. 2013; 127: e6-e245
- Arrhythmias in adult patients with congenital heart disease.Circulation. 2007; 115: 534-545
- EP challenges in adult congenital heart disease.Heart Rhythm. 2008; 5: 1464-1472
- ACC/AHA 2008 guidelines for the management of adults with congenital heart disease: executive summary.J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008; 52: 1890-1947
- Methodology manual and policies from the ACCF/AHA task force on practice guidelines.American College of Cardiology Foundation and American Heart Association. 2010; : 1-88
- Congenital heart disease beyond the age of 60: emergence of a new population with high resource utilization, high morbidity, and high mortality.Eur Heart J. 2014; 35: 725-732
- Survival with congenital heart disease and need for follow up in adult life.Heart. 2001; 85: 438-443
- The adult with congenital heart disease: born to be bad?.J Am Coll Cardiol. 2005; 46: 1-8
- The changing epidemiology of congenital heart disease.Nat Rev Cardiol. 2011; 8: 50-60
- Prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors in adults with congenital heart disease.Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil. 2006; 13: 612-616
- Geriatric congenital heart disease: trends in prevalence and predictors of mortality.Circulation. 2009; 120: S562
- Emergency hospital admissions and three-year survival of adults with and without cardiovascular surgery for congenital cardiac disease.J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2003; 126: 1048
- Management of emergencies in adults with congenital cardiac disease.Am J Cardiol. 2008; 101: 521-525
- A population-based prospective evaluation of risk of sudden cardiac death after operation for common congenital heart defects.J Am Coll Cardiol. 1998; 32: 245-251
- Mode of death in adults with congenital heart disease.Am J Cardiol. 2000; 86: 1111-1116
- Causes of late deaths after pediatric cardiac surgery: a population-based study.J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007; 50: 1263-1271
- Mortality in adult congenital heart disease.Eur Heart J. 2010; 31: 1220-1229
- Electrophysiologic considerations in congenital heart disease and their relationship to heart failure.Can J Cardiol. 2013; 29: 821-829
- Atrial arrhythmias during chronic follow-up of surgery for complex congenital heart disease.Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 1997; 20: 502-511
- Arrhythmias in adult congenital heart disease.Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther. 2006; 4: 83-95
- Cardiac arrhythmias in congenital heart diseases.Indian Pacing Electrophysiol J. 2009; 9: 299-317
- Atrial arrhythmias in adults with congenital heart disease.Circulation. 2009; 120: 1679-1686
- Mapping and imaging of supraventricular arrhythmias in adult complex congenital heart disesae.in: Shenasa M. Hindricks G. Borggrefe M. Breithardt G. Josephson M.E. Cardiac Mapping. Fourth Edition. Wiley-Blackwell, Oxford, UK2013: 771-787
- Atrioventricular reciprocating tachycardia involving twin atrioventricular nodes in patients with complex congenital heart disease.J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2001; 12: 671-679
- Monckeberg’s sling.Can J Cardiol. 2003; 19: 717-718
- Ablation of nonautomatic focal atrial tachycardia in children and adults with congenital heart disease.J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2006; 17: 359-365
- Arrhythmia burden in adults with surgically repaired tetralogy of Fallot: a multi-institutional study.Circulation. 2010; 122: 868-875
- Long-term outcomes after the atrial switch for surgical correction of transposition: a meta-analysis comparing the Mustard and Senning procedures.Cardiol Young. 2004; 14: 284-292
- Long-term survival, modes of death, and predictors of mortality in patients with Fontan surgery.Circulation. 2008; 117: 85-92
- Pulmonary vein isolation for the treatment of drug-refractory atrial fibrillation in adults with congenital heart disease.Congenital heart disease. 2012; 7: 392-399
- Outcome of the unoperated adult who presents with congenitally corrected transposition of the great arteries.J Am Coll Cardiol. 2002; 40: 285-290
- Long-term outcome in congenitally corrected transposition of the great arteries: a multi-institutional study.J Am Coll Cardiol. 2000; 36: 255-261
- Arrhythmia and survival in patients >18 years of age after the Mustard procedure for complete transposition of the great arteries.Am J Cardiol. 1999; 83: 1080-1084
- Sinus node function after a systematically staged Fontan procedure.Circulation. 1998; 98 (discussion II358–9): II352-II358
- Adverse left ventricular mechanics in adults with repaired tetralogy of Fallot.Am J Cardiol. 2009; 103: 420-425
- Implantable cardioverter-defibrillators in tetralogy of Fallot.Circulation. 2008; 117: 363-370
- Ebstein anomaly associated with left ventricular noncompaction: an autosomal dominant condition that can be caused by mutations in MYH7.Am J Med Genet C Semin Med Genet. 2013; 163C: 178-184
- Right ventricular function in adults with repaired tetralogy of Fallot assessed with cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging: detrimental role of right ventricular outflow aneurysms or akinesia and adverse right-to-left ventricular interaction.J Am Coll Cardiol. 2002; 40: 2044-2052
- Ventricular size and function assessed by cardiac MRI predict major adverse clinical outcomes late after tetralogy of Fallot repair.Heart. 2008; 94: 211-216
- Catheter ablation in transposition of the great arteries with Mustard or Senning baffles.Heart Rhythm. 2009; 6: 283-289
- Predictors of sudden cardiac death after Mustard or Senning repair for transposition of the great arteries.J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004; 44: 1095-1102
- Sudden death and defibrillators in transposition of the great arteries with intra-atrial baflles: a multicenter study.Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol. 2008; 1: 250-257
- Atrial baffle procedures for complete transposition of the great arteries: natural course of sinus node dysfunction and risk factors for dysrhythmias and sudden death.Z Kardiol. 1994; 83: 933-938
- Ventricular arrhythmias and sudden death in adults after a Mustard operation for transposition of the great arteries.Eur Heart J. 2009; 30: 1873-1879
- Myocardial perfusion defects and associated systemic ventricular dysfunction in congenitally corrected transposition of the great arteries.Heart. 1998; 80: 322-326
- Univentricular heart.Circulation. 2007; 115: 800-812
- Heart failure and ventricular dysfunction in patients with single or systemic right ventricles.Circulation. 2002; 105: 1189-1194
- Definitive palliation with cavopulmonary or aortopulmonary shunts for adults with single ventricle physiology.Heart. 2000; 83: 51-57
- Summary of recommendations—care of the adult with congenital heart disease.J Am Coll Cardiol. 2001; 37: 1167-1169
- Canadian Cardiovascular Society 2009 Consensus Conference on the management of adults with congenital heart disease: executive summary.Can J Cardiol. 2010; 26: 143-150
- ESC Guidelines for the management of grown-up congenital heart disease (new version 2010).Eur Heart J. 2010; 31: 2915-2957
- Is it safe to perform cardiac catheterizations on adults with congenital heart disease in a pediatric catheterization laboratory?.Catheter Cardiovasc Interv. 2005; 66: 414-419
- Interventional electrophysiology in patients with congenital heart disease.Circulation. 2007; 115: 3224-3234
- The spectrum of adult congenital heart disease in Europe: morbidity and mortality in a 5 year follow-up period.Eur Heart J. 2005; 26: 2325-2333
- Task force 4: organization of delivery systems for adults with congenital heart disease.J Am Coll Cardiol. 2001; 37: 1187-1193
- The emerging burden of hospital admissions of adults with congenital heart disease.Heart. 2010; 96: 872-878
- Transitional medicine: will emergency medicine physicians be ready for the growing population of adults with congenital heart disease?.Pediatr Emerg Care. 2006; 22: 775-781
- 2010 Canadian Cardiovascular Society/Canadian Heart Rhythm Society Training Standards and Maintenance of Competency in Adult Clinical Cardiac Electrophysiology.Can J Cardiol. 2011; 27: 859-861
- ACCF/AHA/AAP recommendations for training in pediatric cardiology. Task force 4: recommendations for training guidelines in pediatric cardiac electrophysiology endorsed by the Heart Rhythm Society.J Am Coll Cardiol. 2005; 46: 1391-1395
- Recommendations for advanced fellowship training in clinical pediatric and congenital electrophysiology: a report from the training and credentialing committee of the pediatric and congenital electrophysiology society.Heart Rhythm. 2013; 10: 775-781
- Task force 6: training in specialized electrophysiology, cardiac pacing, and arrhythmia management endorsed by the Heart Rhythm Society.J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008; 51: 374-380
- Transcatheter ablation via a sternotomy approach as a hybrid procedure in a univentricular heart.Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2008; 31: 639-640
- Recanalization of systemic venous baffles by radiofrequency perforation and stent implantation.Catheter Cardiovasc Interv. 2007; 70: 591-594
- Update on interventional electrophysiology in congenital heart disease: evolving solutions for complex hearts.Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol. 2013; 6: 1032-1040
- The anesthesiologist’s role in adults with congenital heart disease.Cardiol Clin. 2006; 24 (vi): 571-585
- Care of the adult congenital heart disease patient in the United States: a summary of the current system.Pediatr Cardiol. 2010; 31: 511-514
- Ebstein’s anomaly.Circulation. 2007; 115: 277-285
- Congenitally corrected transposition of the great arteries in the adult: functional status and complications.J Am Coll Cardiol. 1996; 27: 1238-1243
- Cardiac rhythm after the Mustard operation for complete transposition of the great arteries.N Engl J Med. 1984; 310: 1635-1638
- Prevalence of left ventricular systolic dysfunction in adults with repaired tetralogy of Fallot.Am J Cardiol. 2011; 107: 1215-1220
- Diagnostic tools for arrhythmia detection in adults with congenital heart disease and heart failure.Heart Fail Clin. 2014; 10: 57-67
- Value of programmed ventricular stimulation after tetralogy of Fallot repair: a multicenter study.Circulation. 2004; 109: 1994-2000
- Clinical use of electrocardiography in adults with congenital heart disease.Circulation. 2007; 116: 2734-2746
- ACC/AHA guidelines for ambulatory electrocardiography: executive summary and recommendations.Circulation. 1999; 100: 886-893
- Utility of ambulatory monitoring in patients with congenital heart disease.Am J Cardiol. 2013; 111: 723-730
- Identifying arrhythmias in adults with congenital heart disease by 24–h ambulatory electrocardiography.Pediatr Cardiol. 2012; 33: 591-595
- Single-centre use of implantable loop recorders in patients with congenital heart disease.Europace. 2009; 11: 303-307
- Comprehensive use of cardiopulmonary exercise testing identifies adults with congenital heart disease at increased mortality risk in the medium term.Circulation. 2012; 125: 250-259
- Telemonitoring with implantable electronic devices in young patients with congenital heart diseases.Europace. 2012; 14: 1030-1037
- Programmed ventricular stimulation for risk stratification in patients with tetralogy of Fallot: a Bayesian perspective.Nat Clin Pract Cardiovasc Med. 2007; 4: 292-293
- Comparison of late results of arterial switch versus atrial switch (Mustard procedure) operation for transposition of the great arteries.Am J Cardiol. 2013; 111: 1505-1509
- Echocardiogram versus cardiac magnetic resonance imaging for assessing systolic function of subaortic right ventricle in adults with complete transposition of great arteries and previous atrial switch operation.Am J Cardiol. 2013; 111: 908-913
- Evaluation of adult congenital heart disease by cardiac magnetic resonance imaging.Congenit Heart Dis. 2009; 4: 216-230
- Electrophysiology and adult congenital heart disease: advances and options.Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 2011; 53: 281-292
- Burden of coronary artery disease in adults with congenital heart disease and its relation to congenital and traditional heart risk factors.Am J Cardiol. 2009; 103: 1445-1450
- Comparison of accuracy of diagnosis of congenital heart disease by history and physical examination versus echocardiography.Am J Cardiol. 2002; 89: 1329-1331
- Atrial response to ventricular antitachycardia pacing discriminates mechanism of 1:1 atrioventricular tachycardia.J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2005; 16: 601-605
- Differentiation of ventricular and supraventricular tachycardias based on the analysis of the first postpacing interval after sequential anti-tachycardia pacing in implantable cardioverter-defibrillator patients.Heart Rhythm. 2007; 4: 316-322
- Postoperative arrhythmias in adults with congenital heart disease: incidence and risk factors.Int J Cardiol. 2013; 169: 139-144
- ACC/AHA/ESC 2006 guidelines for management of patients with ventricular arrhythmias and the prevention of sudden cardiac death.J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006; 48: e247-e346
- Moderate and chronic hemodynamic overload of sheep atria induces reversible cellular electrophysiologic abnormalities and atrial vulnerability.J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004; 44: 1918-1926
- Cardiovascular outcomes after the arterial switch operation for d-transposition of the great arteries.Circulation. 2013; 127: 331-339
- 2012 ACCF/AHA/HRS focused update incorporated into the ACCF/AHA/HRS 2008 guidelines for device-based therapy of cardiac rhythm abnormalities.J Am Coll Cardiol. 2013; 61: e6-75
- Value of programmed ventricular stimulation in patients with congenital heart disease.J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 1999; 10: 1033-1044
- Role of electrophysiological studies and arrhythmia intervention in repairing Ebstein’s anomaly.Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2000; 48: 347-350
- Factors that influence the development of atrial flutter after the Fontan operation.J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1997; 113: 80-86
- Risk factors for arrhythmia and sudden cardiac death late after repair of tetralogy of Fallot: a multicentre study.Lancet. 2000; 356: 975-981
- Mechanoelectrical interaction in tetralogy of Fallot. QRS prolongation relates to right ventricular size and predicts malignant ventricular arrhythmias and sudden death.Circulation. 1995; 92: 231-237
- Sudden cardiac death in adult congenital heart disease.Circulation. 2012; 126: 1944-1954
- Prognostic significance of ventricular arrhythmia after repair of tetralogy of Fallot: a 12–year prospective study.J Am Coll Cardiol. 1994; 23: 1151
- Reduced heart rate variability following repair of tetralogy of Fallot.Heart. 1999; 81: 656-660
- Heart rate turbulence in adults with repaired tetralogy of Fallot.Int J Cardiol. 2009; 135: 308-314
- Impaired cardiac autonomic nervous activity predicts sudden cardiac death in patients with operated and unoperated congenital cardiac disease.J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2006; 132: 647-655
- Use of a noninvasive continuous monitoring device in the management of atrial fibrillation: a pilot study.Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2013; 36: 328-333
- Second natural history study of congenital heart defects. Results of treatment of patients with aortic valvar stenosis.Circulation. 1993; 87: I16-I27
- Late arrhythmia in adults with the Mustard procedure for transposition of great arteries: a surrogate marker for right ventricular dysfunction?.Heart. 2000; 84: 409-415
- Left ventricular dysfunction is a risk factor for sudden cardiac death in adults late after repair of tetralogy of Fallot.J Am Coll Cardiol. 2002; 40: 1675-1680
- Accuracy of electrocardiographic and echocardiographic indices in predicting life threatening ventricular arrhythmias in patients operated for tetralogy of Fallot.Heart. 1999; 81: 650
- ACC/AHA/ESC guidelines for the management of patients with supraventricular arrhythmias—executive summary.Circulation. 2003; 108: 1871-1909
- Management of patients with atrial fibrillation (compilation of 2006 ACCF/AHA/ESC and 2011 ACCF/AHA/HRS recommendations): a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines.J Am Coll Cardiol. 2013; 61: 1935-1944
- Intracardiac thrombus formation after the Fontan operation.J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2000; 119: 745-752
- Transesophageal echocardiographic detection of atrial thrombi in patients with nonfibrillation atrial tachyarrhythmias and congenital heart disease.J Am Coll Cardiol. 1994; 24: 1365-1370
- Thrombosis in congenital heart disease.Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther. 2013; 11: 1579-1582
- Cerebrovascular accidents in adult patients with congenital heart disease.Heart. 2010; 96: 1223-1226
- Efficacy of atrial antitachycardia pacing using the Medtronic AT500 pacemaker in patients with congenital heart disease.Am J Cardiol. 2003; 92: 871-876
- The safety and efficacy of ibutilide in children and in patients with congenital heart disease.Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2007; 30: 1003-1008
- Atrial tachycardias in young adults and adolescents with congenital heart disease: conversion using single dose oral sotalol.Int J Cardiol. 2009; 136: 253-257
- Superiority of ibutilide (a new class III agent) over DL-sotalol in converting atrial flutter and atrial fibrillation.The Ibutilide/Sotalol Comparator Study Group. Heart. 1998; 79: 568-575
- Safety and risk/benefit analysis of ibutilide for acute conversion of atrial fibrillation/flutter.Am J Cardiol. 1996; 78: 46-52
- Female preponderance in ibutilide-induced torsade de pointes.Int J Cardiol. 2004; 95: 219-222
- Ibutilide for pharmacological cardioversion of atrial fibrillation and flutter: impact of race on efficacy and safety.Am J Ther. 2003; 10: 259-263
- Rhythm control versus rate control for atrial fibrillation and heart failure.N Engl J Med. 2008; 358: 2667-2677
- A comparison of rate control and rhythm control in patients with atrial fibrillation.N Engl J Med. 2002; 347: 1825-1833
- Quality of life and functional capacity in patients with atrial fibrillation and congestive heart failure.J Am Coll Cardiol. 2013; 61: 455-460
- Maintenance of sinus rhythm and survival in patients with heart failure and atrial fibrillation.J Am Coll Cardiol. 2010; 55: 1796-1802
- Quality of life in atrial fibrillation: the Atrial Fibrillation Follow-up Investigation of Rhythm Management (AFFIRM) study.Am Heart J. 2005; 149: 112-120
- A comparison of rate control and rhythm control in patients with recurrent persistent atrial fibrillation.N Engl J Med. 2002; 347: 1834-1840
- Rhythm or rate control in atrial fibrillation—Pharmacological Intervention in Atrial Fibrillation (PIAF): a randomised trial.Lancet. 2000; 356: 1789-1794
- RAte Control Efficacy in permanent atrial fibrillation: a comparison between lenient versus strict rate control in patients with and without heart failure. Background, aims, and design of RACE II.Am Heart J. 2006; 152: 420-426
- Lenient vs. strict rate control in patients with atrial fibrillation and heart failure: a post-hoc analysis of the RACE II study.Eur J Heart Fail. 2013; 15: 1311-1318
- Focused 2012 update of the Canadian Cardiovascular Society atrial fibrillation guidelines: recommendations for stroke prevention and rate/rhythm control.Can J Cardiol. 2012; 28: 125-136
- Increased mortality among patients taking digoxin—analysis from the AFFIRM study.Eur Heart J. 2013; 34: 1481-1488
- The Cardiac Arrhythmia Suppression Trial (CAST) Investigators.N Engl J Med. 1989; 321: 406-412
- The Cardiac Arrhythmia Suppression Trial II Investigators.N Engl J Med. 1992; 327: 227-233
- Antiarrhythmic drug therapy and cardiac mortality in atrial fibrillation. The Stroke Prevention in Atrial Fibrillation Investigators.J Am Coll Cardiol. 1992; 20: 527-532
- Improving survival for patients with atrial fibrillation and advanced heart failure.J Am Coll Cardiol. 1996; 28: 1458-1463
- Proarrhythmia of a class Ic drug: suppression by combination with a drug prolonging repolarization in the dog late after infarction.J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1995; 274: 508-515
- Antiarrhythmics for maintaining sinus rhythm after cardioversion of atrial fibrillation.Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012; (CD005049): 5
- Proarrhythmia, cardiac arrest and death in young patients receiving encainide and flecainide. The Pediatric Electrophysiology Group.J Am Coll Cardiol. 1991; 18: 356-365
- Efficacy of antiarrhythmic drugs in adults with congenital heart disease and supraventricular tachycardias.Am J Cardiol. 2013; 112: 1461-1467
- Efficacy and safety of sotalol for refractory tachyarrhythmias in congenital heart disease.Circ J. 2008; 72: 1998-2003
- Sotalol for atrial tachycardias after surgery for congenital heart disease.Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 1997; 20: 2125
- Efficacy and proarrhythmia of oral sotalol in pediatric patients.J Am Coll Cardiol. 1995; 26: 1002-1007
- Mixed treatment comparison of dronedarone, amiodarone, sotalol, flecainide, and propafenone, for the management of atrial fibrillation.Europace. 2011; 13: 329-345
- Amiodarone to prevent recurrence of atrial fibrillation. Canadian Trial of Atrial Fibrillation Investigators.N Engl J Med. 2000; 342: 913-920
- Amiodarone-associated thyroid dysfunction: risk factors in adults with congenital heart disease.Circulation. 1999; 100: 149-154
- Body mass index and the development of amiodarone-induced thyrotoxicosis in adults with congenital heart disease—a cohort study.Int J Cardiol. 2013; 167: 821-826
- A risk prediction index for amiodarone-induced thyrotoxicosis in adults with congenital heart disease.J Thyroid Res. 2012; 2012: 210529
- 2011 ACCF/AHA/HRS focused updates incorporated into the ACC/AHA/ESC 2006 Guidelines for the management of patients with atrial fibrillation.J Am Coll Cardiol. 2011; 57: e101-e198
- Rhythm- and rate-controlling effects of dronedarone in patients with atrial fibrillation (from the ATHENA trial).Am J Cardiol. 2011; 107: 1019-1022
- Effects of dronedarone on clinical outcomes in patients with lone atrial fibrillation: pooled post hoc analysis from the ATHENA/EURIDIS/ADONIS studies.J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2011; 22: 770-776
- Increased mortality after dronedarone therapy for severe heart failure.N Engl J Med. 2008; 358: 2678-2687
- Dronedarone in high-risk permanent atrial fibrillation.N Engl J Med. 2011; 365: 2268-2276
- UK-68,798: a novel, potent and highly selective class III antiarrhythmic agent which blocks potassium channels in cardiac cells.J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1991; 256: 318-324
- Meeting highlights. Highlights of the 71st scientific sessions of the American Heart Association.Circulation. 1999; 99: 2486-2491
- Effect of dofetilide in patients with recent myocardial infarction and left-ventricular dysfunction: a randomised trial.Lancet. 2000; 356: 2052-2058
- Efficacy of dofetilide in the treatment of atrial fibrillation-flutter in patients with reduced left ventricular function: a Danish investigations of arrhythmia and mortality on dofetilide (DIAMOND) substudy.Circulation. 2001; 104: 292-296
- Efficacy and safety of oral dofetilide in converting to and maintaining sinus rhythm in patients with chronic atrial fibrillation or atrial flutter: the symptomatic atrial fibrillation investigative research on dofetilide (SAFIRE-D) study.Circulation. 2000; 102: 2385-2390
- Dofetilide in patients with congestive heart failure and left ventricular dysfunction. Danish Investigations of Arrhythmia and Mortality on Dofetilide Study Group.N Engl J Med. 1999; 341: 857-865
- Dofetilide for atrial arrhythmias in congenital heart disease: a multicenter study.Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2009; 32: 1313-1318
- Acute and long-term outcomes of catheter ablation using remote magnetic navigation in patients with congenital heart disease.Am J Cardiol. 2012; 110: 409-414
- Outcome of intra-atrial re-entrant tachycardia catheter ablation in adults with congenital heart disease: negative impact of age and complex atrial surgery.J Am Coll Cardiol. 2010; 56: 1589-1596
- Prospective trial of electroanatomically guided, irrigated catheter ablation of atrial tachycardia in patients with congenital heart disease.Heart Rhythm. 2005; 2: 700-705
- Frequency of late recurrence of intra-atrial reentry tachycardia after radiofrequency catheter ablation in patients with congenital heart disease.Am J Cardiol. 2003; 92: 879-881
- Arrhythmias in patients with congenital heart disease.Card Electrophysiol Rev. 2002; 6: 422-430
- Electroanatomic mapping of entrained and exit zones in patients with repaired congenital heart disease and intra-atrial reentrant tachycardia.Circulation. 2001; 103: 2060-2065
- Radiofrequency catheter ablation of tachycardia in patients with congenital heart disease.Pediatr Cardiol. 2000; 21: 557-575
- Clinical efficacy of dofetilide for the treatment of atrial tachyarrhythmias in adults with congenital heart disease.Congenit Heart Dis. 2014; 9: 221-227
- Endogenous catecholamine levels and function of the systemic right ventricle following atrial switch.Int J Cardiol. 2010; 138: 81-86
- Outcome of direct current cardioversion for atrial arrhythmias in adults with congenital heart disease.Int J Cardiol. 2012; 154: 270-274
- Cardioversion guided by transesophageal echocardiography: the ACUTE Pilot Study. A randomized, controlled trial. Assessment of Cardioversion Using Transesophageal Echocardiography.Ann Intern Med. 1997; 126: 200-209
- Transesophageal echocardiographically facilitated early cardioversion from atrial fibrillation using short-term anticoagulation: final results of a prospective 4.5–year study.J Am Coll Cardiol. 1995; 25: 1354-1361
- The HAS-BLED score has better prediction accuracy for major bleeding than the CHADS or CHADS-VASc scores In anticoagulated patients with atrial fibrillation.J Am Coll Cardiol. 2013; 62: 2199-2204
- Validation of clinical classification schemes for predicting stroke: results from the National Registry of Atrial Fibrillation.JAMA. 2001; 285: 2864-2870
- The value of the CHA2DS2–VASc score for refining stroke risk stratification in patients with atrial fibrillation with a CHADS2 score 0–1: a nationwide cohort study.Thromb Haemost. 2012; 107: 1172-1179
- Thromboembolic complications in Fontan patients: population-based prevalence and exploration of the etiology.Pediatr Cardiol. 2013; 34: 262-272
- Stroke or transient ischemic attack in patients with transvenous pacemaker or defibrillator and echocardiographically detected patent foramen ovale.Circulation. 2013; 128: 1433-1441
- Transvenous pacing leads and systemic thromboemboli in patients with intracardiac shunts: a multicenter study.Circulation. 2006; 113: 2391-2397
- Temporal and anatomic risk profile of brain injury with neonatal repair of congenital heart defects.Stroke. 2007; 38: 736-741
- Coagulation factor abnormalities after the Fontan procedure and its modifications.J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1997; 113 (discussion 992–3): 989-992
- Abnormalities in liver function and coagulation profile following the Fontan procedure.Heart. 1999; 82: 40-46
- Coagulation profile, hepatic function, and hemodynamics following Fontan-type operations.Cardiol Young. 2001; 11: 62-66
- The extracardiac conduit is not the preferred Fontan approach for patients with univentricular hearts.Circulation. 2012; 126: 2516-2525
- The CALF (Congenital Heart Disease in Adults Lower Extremity Systemic Venous Health in Fontan Patients) study.J Am Coll Cardiol. 2010; 56: 144-150
- Increased platelet reactivity and significant changes in coagulation markers after cavopulmonary connection.Heart. 2001; 85: 61-65
- A multicenter, randomized trial comparing heparin/warfarin and acetylsalicylic acid as primary thromboprophylaxis for 2 years after the Fontan procedure in children.J Am Coll Cardiol. 2011; 58: 645-651
- Effect of Aspirin and warfarin therapy on thromboembolic events in patients with univentricular hearts and Fontan palliation.Int J Cardiol. 2013; 168: 3940-3943
- Transesophageal echocardiography detects thrombus formation not identified by transthoracic echocardiography after the Fontan operation.J Am Coll Cardiol. 1991; 18: 1733-1737
- Analysis of pooled data from five randomized controlled trials.Arch Intern Med. 1994; 154: 1449-1457
- Atrial fibrillation, anticoagulation, and stroke.Am J Cardiol. 1996; 77: 38A-44A
- Primary stroke prevention in nonvalvular atrial fibrillation: implementing the clinical trial findings.Ann Pharmacother. 1997; 31: 1187-1196
- Oral anticoagulants vs aspirin in nonvalvular atrial fibrillation: an individual patient meta-analysis.JAMA. 2002; 288: 2441-2448
- Selecting patients with atrial fibrillation for anticoagulation: stroke risk stratification in patients taking aspirin.Circulation. 2004; 110: 2287-2292
- Factors associated with thrombotic complications after the Fontan procedure: a secondary analysis of a multicenter, randomized trial of primary thromboprophylaxis for 2 years after the Fontan procedure.J Am Coll Cardiol. 2013; 61: 346-353
- Dabigatran versus warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation.N Engl J Med. 2009; 361: 1139-1151
- Apixaban versus warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation.N Engl J Med. 2011; 365: 981-992
- Rivaroxaban versus warfarin in nonvalvular atrial fibrillation.N Engl J Med. 2011; 365: 883-891
- Edoxaban versus warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation.N Engl J Med. 2013; 369: 2093-2104
- Dabigatran versus warfarin in patients with mechanical heart valves.N Engl J Med. 2013; 369: 1206-1214
- European Resuscitation Council guidelines for resuscitation.Section 4. Adult advanced life support. Resuscitation 2005;67. 2005; : S39-S86
- Comparison of procainamide and lidocaine in terminating sustained monomorphic ventricular tachycardia.Am J Cardiol. 1996; 78: 43-46
- Hemodynamic effects of intravenous procainamide during ventricular tachycardia.Am Heart J. 1990;