Background
Objective
Methods
Results
Conclusion
Graphical abstract

Keywords
Introduction
Methods
ECG analysis
Bhoi AK, Sherpa KS, Phurailatpam D, Tamang JS, Giri PK. Multidimensional approaches for noise cancellation of ECG signal. International Conference on Communication and Signal Processing, April 2–4, 2015, Adhiparasakthi Engineering College, Melmaruvathur, India. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.1.3063.0807

Clinical variables and outcome measures
PR interval to HR slopes
Statistical analysis
Results

Entire cohort (N = 75) | COVID-19 PR:HR slope behavior | P value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Negative PR:HR slope (n = 38) | Positive PR:HR slope (n = 37) | |||
Clinical variables | ||||
Age (y) | 67.0 ± 1.6 | 67.2 ± 2.0 | 66.8 ± 2.4 | .89 |
Female sex | 38 (50.7) | 20 (52.6) | 18 (48.6) | .82 |
History of myocardial infarction | 13 (17.3) | 9 (23.7) | 4 (10.8) | .23 |
Use of beta-blockers | 10 (13.3) | 5 (13.2) | 5 (13.5) | 1 |
Use of calcium channel blockers | 10 (13.3) | 5 (13.2) | 5 (13.5) | 1 |
Use of antiarrhythmic drugs | 3 (4) | 0 (0) | 3 (8.1) | .11 |
Pre–COVID-19 ECGs | (N = 268) | (n = 136) | (n = 132) | |
Time between ECGs (d) | 1285.0 ± 155.8 | 962.5 ± 162.9 | 1616.2 ± 259.0 | .035 |
No. of ECGs analyzed per patient | 3.6 ± 0.1 | 3.6 ± 0.1 | 3.6 ± 0.1 | .94 |
Pre–COVID-19 HR (bpm) | 79.6 ± 1.6 | 79.1 ± 2.3 | 80.2 ± 2.2 | .74 |
COVID-19 ECGs | (N = 246) | (n = 130) | (n = 116) | |
Time between ECGs (days) | 5.6 ± 0.5 | 6.3 ± 0.7 | 4.8 ± 0.6 | .14 |
No. of ECGs analyzed per patient | 3.3 ± 0.1 | 3.4 ± 0.1 | 3.1 ± 0.1 | .12 |
COVID-19 HR (bpm) | 87.1 ± 1.6 | 86.2 ± 2.4 | 88.1 ± 2.3 | .57 |
Negative PR:HR slope (n = 38) | Positive PR:HR slope (n = 37) | P value | |
---|---|---|---|
Pre–COVID-19 slope | –0.7 ± 0.2 | –0.9 ± 0.2 | .47 |
COVID-19 slope | –0.6 ± 0.1 | +0.5 ± 0.1 | <.001 |
Slope change | +0.1 ± 0.0 | +1.4 ± 0.2 | <.001 |
Entire cohort (N = 75) | COVID-19 PR:HR slope behavior | P value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Negative PR:HR slope (n = 38) | Positive PR:HR slope (n = 37) | |||
Clinical endpoints | ||||
Death | 14 (18.7) | 3 (7.9) | 11 (29.7) | .019 |
Endotracheal intubation | 24 (32.0) | 8 (21.1) | 16 (43.2) | .050 |
Mean length of hospital stay (days) | 11.7 ± 0.7 | 11.0 ± 0.9 | 12.4 ± 1.10 | .31 |
Patients needing ICU stay (n) | 42 (56) | 17 (18.4) | 25 (67.6) | .06 |
Laboratory values | ||||
Peak hs-troponin T (ng/L) | 159.8 ± 46.4 | 64.1 ± 17.6 | 243.5 ± 83.5 | .053 |
Peak C-reactive protein (μg/mL) | 21.2 ± 1.6) | 19.2 ± 2.2 | 23.2 ± 2.5 | .22 |
Peak d-dimer (ng/mL) | 4899.7 ± 1347.3 | 3411.7 ± 1570.6 | 6387.8 ± 2184.4 | .27 |
Peak ferritin (ng/mL) | 2158.5 ± 476.2 | 1912.9 ± 435.1 | 2356.4 ± 790.0 | .65 |
Peak creatine phosphokinase (U/L) | 762.1 ± 194.5 | 614.0 ± 233.5 | 918.3 ± 316.1 | .44 |
Peak pro-calcitonin (ng/mL) | 10.00 ± 6.0 | 13.13 ± 10.8 | 6.41 ± 3.7 | .58 |
Peak pro-BNP (ng/L) | 4031.9 ± 1407.1 | 3778.4 ± 1957.8 | 4299.5 ± 2079.9 | .86 |
Peak INR | 1.31 ± 0.0 | 1.232 ± 0.0 | 1.380 ± 0.0 | <.001 |
Peak fibrinogen (mg/dL) | 698.9 ± 34.3 | 758.6 ± 45.7 | 654.5 ± 48.3 | .14 |
Peak IL-6 (pg/mL) | 408.4 ± 206.9 | 908.8 ± 627.1 | 173.0 ± 51.7 | .10 |
Discussion
PR interval behavior in COVID-19
Possible pathophysiology
Study limitations
Conclusion
References
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